The ever-increasing number of people diagnosed with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus has become a growing medical and economic challenge around the world.  This major health burden has driven years of research to find new therapies that improve blood sugar levels and body weight. Multiple drugs have been developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, utilising the signalling systems of products of the proglucagon gene Gcg.  Most of these drugs, such as the widely known Ozempic, mimic the signalling system of the glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1). What is GLP-1? The prohormone proglucagon is expressed in the pancreas and in the enteroendocrine cells in the intestinal tract.  The two main products of proglucagon processing are the peptide hormones

Gluten can be a benefit or harmful to the body, depending on the individual.  Negative media attention on wheat and gluten has cast some doubt on its place in a heathy diet.  Public perception is that a gluten-free diet is more healthful and may improve gastrointestinal symptoms, as some people have noticed an improvement in their gastrointestinal health after cutting out gluten.  More people in the wider population have adopted a gluten-free diet, which has been made easier due to gluten-free products now more widely available. What is gluten? Gluten is a protein that is naturally found in some grains, such as wheat, barley, spelt, durum, and rye.  This protein helps food hold their shape and adds a “stretchy” quality

Once eaten and digested, dietary protein is broken down into individual amino acids, which are then absorbed into the blood stream and transported around the body.  Amino acids are small molecules that combine to make the various proteins that the cells in the body need.   Twenty different naturally occurring amino acids are required by the body for these processes, consisting of non-essential amino acids which the body produces, and essential amino acids that must come from food.  Glycine is one of these 20 individual amino acids that the body needs to function properly, and these amino acids combine in different ways to make proteins, the building blocks of the body.  The basic structure of a single protein is a chain

Excess body fat elevates the risk for a number of health issues, such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.  Obesity has been linked to several cancers, including esophageal, kidney, pancreatic, post-menopausal breast cancer, colorectal, and uterine cancers.  Weight loss interventions largely focus on reducing dietary energy intake and increasing energy expenditure through increased physical activity.  However, a complex array of factors, beyond diet and exercise, can affect energy balance in the body and contribute to obesity. An emerging field of research, known as chrono-nutrition, has found that timing of meals can have wide implications on your health.  In terms of weight loss, when you eat has been shown to be just as important as what you eat.    Background

The earliest evidence of dairy milk consumption by humans’ dates back almost 9 000 years to modern-day Turkey, near the sea of Marmara, where Richard Evershed, a biogeochemist and his team from the University of Bristol, UK, found milk-fat residues on ancient potsherds, which dates from the dawn of animal domestication.  Theory has it that the early cows, sheep, and goats were domesticated around 10 000 to 12 000 years ago, mainly for meat and that milk consumption followed millennia later. Interestingly, ancient genomic studies showed that these early animal farmers were lactose intolerant and that tolerance for milk only became common in Europe after the Bronze Age, 5,000 to 4,000 years ago.  These days shopping for milk offers a